E-commerce como um sistema de comércio eletrônico - características especiais

E-Commerce e E-Business / Conceitos e Definições.

O comércio eletrônico ou o comércio eletrônico se refere a uma ampla gama de atividades comerciais on-line para produtos e serviços. [1] Ele também diz respeito a "qualquer forma de transação comercial em que as partes interagem eletronicamente ao invés de trocas físicas ou contato físico direto". [2]

O comércio eletrônico geralmente está associado à compra e venda pela Internet, ou a realizar qualquer transação envolvendo transferência de propriedade ou direitos de uso de bens ou serviços através de uma rede mediada por computador. [3] Embora popular, esta definição não é abrangente o suficiente para capturar desenvolvimentos recentes neste fenômeno comercial novo e revolucionário. Uma definição mais completa é: o comércio eletrônico é o uso de tecnologias de comunicação eletrônica e processamento de informações digitais em transações comerciais para criar, transformar e redefinir relacionamentos para criação de valor entre organizações ou entre organizações e indivíduos. [4]

A International Data Corp (IDC) estima o valor do comércio eletrônico global em 2000 em US $ 350,38 bilhões. Prevê-se que eleva-se a US $ 3,14 trilhões até 2004. A IDC também prevê um aumento na participação percentual da Ásia na receita mundial de comércio eletrônico de 5% em 2000 para 10% em 2004 (ver Figura 1).

Figura 1: Receita mundial de comércio eletrônico, 2000 e 2004 (em% de cada país / região)

As receitas de comércio eletrônico da Ásia-Pacífico deverão aumentar de US $ 76,8 bilhões no final do ano de 2001 para US $ 338,5 bilhões até o final de 2004.

O comércio eletrônico é o mesmo que o e-business?

Enquanto alguns usam o comércio eletrônico e o comércio eletrônico de forma intercambiável, eles são conceitos distintos. No comércio eletrônico, as tecnologias da informação e das comunicações (TIC) são usadas em transações inter-empresariais ou inter-organizacionais (transações entre empresas e organizações) e em transações de empresas para consumidores (transações entre empresas / organizações e indivíduos).

No e-business, por outro lado, as TIC são usadas para melhorar o negócio. Inclui qualquer processo que uma organização empresarial (uma entidade com fins lucrativos, governamentais ou sem fins lucrativos) conduza em uma rede mediada por computador. Uma definição mais ampla de e-business é:

"A transformação dos processos de uma organização para oferecer valor de cliente adicional através da aplicação de tecnologias, filosofias e paradigma de computação da nova economia".

Três processos principais são aprimorados no e-business: [5]

1. Processos de produção, que incluem contratos, pedidos e reabastecimento de ações; processamento de pagamentos; links eletrônicos com fornecedores; e processos de controle de produção, entre outros;

2. Processos centrados no cliente, que incluem esforços promocionais e de marketing, venda por internet, processamento de pedidos e pagamentos de clientes e suporte ao cliente, entre outros; e.

3. Processos de gestão interna, que incluem serviços para funcionários, treinamento, compartilhamento de informações internas, videoconferência e recrutamento. As aplicações eletrônicas aumentam o fluxo de informações entre a produção e as forças de vendas para melhorar a produtividade da força de vendas. As comunicações de grupos de trabalho e a publicação eletrônica de informações comerciais internas também são mais eficientes. [6]

A economia da Internet é um conceito mais amplo do que o comércio eletrônico e o comércio eletrônico. Inclui comércio eletrônico e comércio eletrônico.

O CREC (Centro de Pesquisa em Comércio Eletrônico) da Universidade do Texas desenvolveu um quadro conceitual para o funcionamento da economia da Internet. O quadro mostra quatro camadas da economia da Internet - as três acima mencionadas e uma quarta chamada intermediários (ver Tabela 1).

Figura 2. Tabela 1. Quadro conceitual de Internet Economy.

Baseado no Centro de Pesquisa em Comércio Eletrônico, Universidade do Texas, "Measuring the Internet Economy", 6 de junho de 2000; disponível a partir de internetindicators.

O que é B2B e-commerce?

B2B e-commerce é simplesmente definido como comércio eletrônico entre empresas. Este é o tipo de comércio eletrônico que lida com relacionamentos entre empresas e entre eles. Cerca de 80% do comércio eletrônico é desse tipo, e a maioria dos especialistas prevê que o comércio eletrônico B2B continuará a crescer mais rápido do que o segmento B2C. O mercado B2B tem dois componentes principais: e-frastructure e e-markets. E-frastructure é a arquitetura do B2B, consistindo principalmente no seguinte:

logística - transporte, armazenagem e distribuição (por exemplo, Procter and Gamble); provedores de serviços de aplicativos - implantação, hospedagem e gerenciamento de software embalado a partir de uma instalação central (por exemplo, Oracle e Linkshare); terceirização de funções no processo de comércio eletrônico, como soluções de hospedagem na web, segurança e atendimento ao cliente (por exemplo, fornecedores de terceirização, como eShare, NetSales, iXL Enterprises e Universal Access); software de soluções de leilão para a operação e manutenção de leilões em tempo real na Internet (por exemplo, Moai Technologies e OpenSite Technologies); software de gerenciamento de conteúdo para facilitar o gerenciamento e entrega de conteúdo do site (por exemplo, Interwoven e ProcureNet); e facilitadores de comércio baseados na Web (por exemplo, Commerce One, um software de automação de compras habilitado para navegador, habilitado para XML).

Os mercados eletrônicos são simplesmente definidos como sites onde os compradores e vendedores interagem uns com os outros e realizam transações.10.

Os exemplos mais comuns de B2B e os modelos de melhores práticas são a IBM, a Hewlett Packard (HP), a Cisco e a Dell. A Cisco, por exemplo, recebe mais de 90% de suas ordens de produtos pela Internet.

A maioria dos aplicativos B2B está nas áreas de gerenciamento de fornecedores (especialmente processamento de pedidos), gerenciamento de estoque (por exemplo, gerenciamento de ciclos de ordem-navio), gerenciamento de distribuição (especialmente na transmissão de documentos de envio), gerenciamento de canal (ie, disseminação de informações sobre mudanças nas condições operacionais) e gerenciamento de pagamentos (por exemplo, sistemas de pagamento eletrônicos ou EPS) .11.

O eMarketer projeta um aumento na participação do comércio eletrônico B2B no comércio eletrônico global total de 79,2% em 2000 para 87% em 2004 e a conseqüente diminuição da participação do comércio eletrônico B2C de 20,8% em 2000 para apenas 13% em 2004 (Figura 3).

Figura 3. Compartilhamento do comércio eletrônico B2B e B2C no comércio eletrônico total global (2000 e 2004)

Do mesmo modo, o crescimento B2B está muito à frente do crescimento da B2C na região Ásia-Pacífico. De acordo com uma estimativa do eMarketer de 2001, as receitas B2B da região deverão exceder US $ 300 bilhões até 2004.

A Tabela 2 mostra o tamanho projetado do comércio eletrônico B2B por região para os anos 2000-2004.

Figura 4. Comércio B2B projetado por região, 2000-2004 ($ bilhões)

Caixa 1. Benefícios do B2B E-Commerce em mercados em desenvolvimento.

O impacto dos mercados B2B na economia dos países em desenvolvimento é evidente no seguinte:

Custos de transação. Existem três áreas de custo que são significativamente reduzidas através da condução do comércio eletrônico B2B. Primeiro é a redução dos custos de pesquisa, uma vez que os compradores não precisam passar por vários intermediários para procurar informações sobre fornecedores, produtos e preços como em uma cadeia de suprimentos tradicional. Em termos de esforço, tempo e dinheiro gasto, a Internet é um canal de informação mais eficiente do que a sua contrapartida tradicional. Nos mercados B2B, compradores e vendedores são reunidos em uma única comunidade comercial on-line, reduzindo ainda mais os custos de pesquisa. Em segundo lugar, é a redução nos custos de processamento de transações (por exemplo, faturas, ordens de compra e esquemas de pagamento), uma vez que B2B permite a automação de processos de transação e, portanto, a implementação rápida do mesmo em comparação com outros canais (como o telefone e o fax ). A eficiência nos processos de negociação e nas transações também é aprimorada através da capacidade do B2B e-market de processar as vendas através de leilões online. Em terceiro lugar, o processamento on-line melhora o gerenciamento de estoque e a logística.

Desintermediação. Através dos mercados eletrônicos B2B, os fornecedores podem interagir e negociar diretamente com os compradores, eliminando intermediários e distribuidores. No entanto, novas formas de intermediários estão surgindo. Por exemplo, os próprios mercados eletrônicos podem ser considerados intermediários, porque eles se entre fornecedores e clientes na cadeia de suprimentos.

Transparência nos preços. Os benefícios mais evidentes dos mercados eletrônicos são o aumento da transparência dos preços. A coleta de um grande número de compradores e vendedores em um único mercado eletrônico revela informações de preços de mercado e processamento de transações para os participantes. A Internet permite a publicação de informações em uma única compra ou transação, tornando a informação acessível e acessível a todos os membros do mercado eletrônico. A maior transparência de preços tem o efeito de reduzir os diferenciais de preços no mercado. Neste contexto, os compradores recebem muito mais tempo para comparar preços e tomar melhores decisões de compra. Além disso, os mercados eletrônicos B2B expandem as fronteiras para preços dinâmicos e negociados, em que múltiplos compradores e vendedores participam coletivamente em preços e leilões bidirecionais. Em tais ambientes, os preços podem ser definidos através da correspondência automática de lances e ofertas. No mercado eletrônico, os requisitos de compradores e vendedores são, portanto, agregados para atingir preços competitivos, que são inferiores aos resultantes de ações individuais.

Economias de escala e efeitos de rede. O rápido crescimento dos mercados eletrônicos B2B cria economias de escala tradicionais baseadas em custos de oferta. Além disso, a união de um número significativo de compradores e vendedores fornece economias de escala ou efeitos de rede do lado da demanda. Cada participante incremental adicional no e-market cria valor para todos os participantes do lado da demanda. Mais participantes formam uma massa crítica, que é a chave para atrair mais usuários para um mercado eletrônico.

O que é B2C e-commerce?

O comércio eletrônico entre empresas e consumidores, ou o comércio entre empresas e consumidores, envolve clientes que coletam informações; compra de bens físicos (ou seja, tangíveis, como livros ou produtos de consumo) ou bens de informação (ou bens de material eletrônico ou conteúdo digitalizado, como software ou e-books); e, para produtos de informação, recebendo produtos através de uma rede eletrônica.12.

É a segunda maior e a primeira forma de comércio eletrônico. Suas origens podem ser atribuídas ao varejo on-line (ou e-tailing) .13 Assim, os modelos de negócios B2C mais comuns são as empresas de varejo online, como Amazon, Drugstore, Beyond, Barnes e Noble e ToysRus. Outros exemplos B2C envolvendo bens de informação são E-Trade e Travelocity.

As aplicações mais comuns deste tipo de comércio eletrônico estão nas áreas de compra de produtos e informações e gerenciamento de finanças pessoais, que diz respeito à gestão de investimentos pessoais e finanças com o uso de ferramentas bancárias on-line (por exemplo, Quicken) .14 .

O eMarketer estima que as receitas mundiais de comércio eletrônico B2C aumentarão de US $ 59,7 bilhões em 2000 para US $ 428,1 bilhões até 2004. As transações de varejo on-line representam uma parcela significativa desse mercado. O eMarketer também estima que, na região Ásia-Pacífico, as receitas do B2C, ao registrarem um valor modesto em comparação com o B2B, foram, no entanto, até US $ 8,2 bilhões no final de 2001, com esse valor dobrando no final de 2002 - no total de vendas globais de B2C abaixo de 10%.

O comércio eletrônico B2C reduz os custos de transação (particularmente os custos de pesquisa) aumentando o acesso dos consumidores às informações e permitindo aos consumidores encontrar o preço mais competitivo para um produto ou serviço. O comércio eletrônico B2C também reduz as barreiras de entrada no mercado, uma vez que o custo de colocar e manter um site é muito mais barato do que instalar uma estrutura de "tijolo e argamassa" para uma empresa. No caso dos bens de informação, o comércio eletrônico B2C é ainda mais atraente porque economiza as empresas a ter em conta o custo adicional de uma rede de distribuição física. Além disso, para países com uma população de Internet crescente e robusta, a entrega de bens de informação torna-se cada vez mais viável.

O que é B2G e-commerce?

O comércio eletrônico de comércio a governo ou B2G é geralmente definido como o comércio entre empresas e o setor público. Refere-se ao uso da Internet para contratos públicos, procedimentos de licenciamento e outras operações relacionadas ao governo. Este tipo de comércio eletrônico tem duas características: em primeiro lugar, o setor público assume um papel piloto / líder no estabelecimento do comércio eletrônico; e segundo, presume-se que o setor público tenha a maior necessidade de tornar seu sistema de compras mais eficaz.15.

As políticas de compras baseadas na Web aumentam a transparência do processo de aquisição (e reduzem o risco de irregularidades). Até à data, no entanto, o tamanho do mercado de comércio eletrônico B2G como componente do comércio eletrônico total é insignificante, já que os sistemas de compras eletrônicas do governo continuam subdesenvolvidos.

O que é C2C e-commerce?

O comércio eletrônico consumidor-consumidor ou o C2C é simplesmente um comércio entre particulares ou consumidores.

Este tipo de comércio eletrônico caracteriza-se pelo crescimento de mercados eletrônicos e leilões on-line, em particular nas indústrias verticais, onde empresas / empresas podem oferecer o que eles querem entre vários fornecedores.16 Talvez tenha o maior potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos mercados.

Este tipo de comércio eletrônico vem em pelo menos três formas:

leilões facilitados em um portal, como o eBay, que permite lances online em tempo real sobre itens vendidos na Web; sistemas peer-to-peer, como o modelo Napster (um protocolo para o compartilhamento de arquivos entre usuários usados ​​por fóruns de bate-papo similares a IRC) e outros trocas de arquivos e modelos de troca de dinheiro; e anúncios classificados em sites de portal, como Excite Classifieds e eWanted, Pakwheels (um mercado interativo e on-line onde os compradores e vendedores podem negociar e que possui "leads e anúncios de compra do comprador").

As transações de consumidor para empresa (C2B) envolvem leilões reversos, que capacitam o consumidor a impulsionar as transações. Um exemplo concreto disso quando as companhias aéreas concorrentes oferecem a um viajante melhores ofertas de viagens e ingressos em resposta ao post do viajante que ela quer voar de Nova York para San Francisco.

Há poucas informações sobre o tamanho relativo do comércio eletrônico C2C global. No entanto, as figuras C2C de sites populares do C2C, como eBay e Napster, indicam que esse mercado é bastante grande. Esses sites produzem milhões de dólares em vendas todos os dias.

Vantagens dos sites C2C.

O comércio eletrônico de consumo para consumidor tem muitos benefícios. O principal benefício para os consumidores é a redução no custo. Comprar espaço publicitário em outros sites de comércio eletrônico é caro. Os vendedores podem postar seus itens de graça ou com cobrança mínima, dependendo do site C2C. Os sites C2C formam uma plataforma perfeita para compradores e vendedores que desejam comprar e vender produtos relacionados. A capacidade de encontrar produtos relacionados leva a um aumento no índice de conversão do visitante para o cliente. Os proprietários de empresas podem manter os sites da C2C de forma econômica e aumentar os lucros sem os custos adicionais dos locais de distribuição. Um bom exemplo de um site de comércio eletrônico C2C é a Esty, um site que permite aos consumidores comprar e vender itens e suprimentos artesanais ou vintage, incluindo produtos de arte, fotografia, roupas, jóias, comida, banho e beleza, edredões, knick-knacks, e brinquedos.

Desvantagens dos sites C2C.

Existem algumas desvantagens para este tipo de sites também. A transação de transação nesses tipos de sites requer cooperação entre o comprador e o vendedor. Foi observado muitas vezes que esses dois não cooperam entre si após uma a transação foi feita. Eles não compartilham as informações da transação que podem ser via cartão de crédito ou débito ou internet banking. This pode resultar em fraude on-line, uma vez que o comprador e vendedor não são muito bem versados ​​uns com os outros. Isso pode levar a ação judicial sendo imposta em qualquer extremidade ou também no site se não mencionou o aviso legal nos termos e condições. Isso também pode prejudicar as empresas de reputação do site c2c que lida com os sites de comércio eletrônico de consumidores para consumidores, parecem se tornar muito cautelosos para evitar fraudes on-line.

O que é o m-commerce?

O M-commerce (comércio móvel) é a compra e venda de bens e serviços através da tecnologia sem fio, ou seja, dispositivos portáteis, como telefones celulares e assistentes digitais pessoais (PDAs). O Japão é visto como um líder global no m-commerce.

Como a entrega de conteúdo em dispositivos sem fio torna-se mais rápida, mais segura e escalável, alguns acreditam que o comércio eletrônico superará o comércio eletrônico fixo como o método de escolha para transações de comércio digital. Isso pode ser verdade para a Ásia-Pacífico, onde há mais usuários de celulares do que usuários de internet.

As indústrias afetadas pelo m-commerce incluem:

Serviços financeiros, incluindo serviços bancários móveis (quando os clientes usam seus dispositivos portáteis para acessar suas contas e pagar suas contas), bem como serviços de corretagem (nos quais as cotações de ações podem ser exibidas e a negociação a partir do mesmo dispositivo de mão); As telecomunicações, em que o serviço muda, o pagamento de contas e as revisões de contas podem ser conduzidas a partir do mesmo dispositivo portátil; Serviço / varejo, à medida que os consumidores recebem a capacidade de colocar e pagar ordens sobre a marcha; e serviços de informação, que incluem a entrega de entretenimento, notícias financeiras, figuras esportivas e atualizações de tráfego para um único dispositivo móvel.17.

A Forrester Research prevê vendas de US $ 3,4 bilhões fechadas usando PDA e telefones celulares até 2005 (veja a Tabela 3).

Figura 5. Tabela 3. Previsões de vendas do M-Commerce da Forrester, 2001-2005.

Existem pelo menos três grandes forças que alimentam o comércio eletrônico: forças econômicas, forças de marketing e de interação do cliente e tecnologia, em particular convergência multimídia.18.

Forças econômicas. Um dos benefícios mais evidentes do comércio eletrônico é a eficiência econômica resultante da redução de custos de comunicação, infra-estrutura tecnológica de baixo custo, transações eletrônicas mais rápidas e econômicas com fornecedores, menor compartilhamento global de informações e custos de publicidade e um cliente mais barato alternativas de serviço.

A integração econômica é externa ou interna. A integração externa refere-se à rede eletrônica de empresas, fornecedores, clientes / clientes e contratados independentes em uma comunidade que se comunica em um ambiente virtual (com a Internet como meio). A integração interna, por outro lado, é a rede dos vários departamentos de uma corporação e de operações e processos comerciais. Isso permite que informações comerciais críticas sejam armazenadas em uma forma digital que possa ser recuperada instantaneamente e transmitida eletronicamente. A integração interna é melhor exemplificada pelas intranets corporativas. Entre as empresas com intranets corporativas eficientes estão a Procter and Gamble, IBM, Nestlé e a Intel.

Caixa 2. SESAMi .: Vinculação dos mercados asiáticos através dos concentradores B2B.

A SESAMi é o maior eixo B2B da Ásia, uma troca virtual que integra e liga empresas (pequenas, médias ou grandes) a parceiros comerciais, mercados eletrônicos e sistemas internos de empresas com o objetivo de abastecer suprimentos, comprar e vender produtos e serviços on-line em tempo real. O e-hub serve como centro de gerenciamento de conteúdo e processamento de transações comerciais com serviços de suporte, tais como serviços de liquidação financeira e informações.

Está estrategicamente e dinamicamente ligado à Global Trading Web (GTW), a maior rede mundial de comunidades comerciais na Internet. Por causa deste link muito importante, a SESAMi atinge uma extensa rede de mercados eletrônicos B2B interoperáveis ​​regionais, verticais e específicos da indústria em todo o mundo.

Forças de mercado. As corporações são encorajadas a usar o comércio eletrônico em marketing e promoção para capturar mercados internacionais, grandes e pequenos. A Internet também é usada como um meio para melhorar o atendimento ao cliente e suporte. É muito mais fácil para as empresas fornecer aos consumidores alvo informações mais detalhadas sobre produtos e serviços usando a Internet.

Caixa 3. Submarino do Brasil19: Melhorando o Atendimento ao Cliente através da Internet.

O Submarino do Brasil é um exemplo clássico de uso bem-sucedido da Internet para melhorar o atendimento ao cliente e suporte. De ser uma empresa local de comércio eletrônico B2C de São Paulo que vende livros, CDs, cassetes de vídeo, DVDs, brinquedos, produtos eletrônicos e informáticos no Brasil, expandiu para se tornar a maior empresa desse tipo na Argentina, México, Espanha e Portugal. Cerca de um terço dos 1,4 milhões de usuários de internet no Brasil fizeram compras através deste site. Para melhorar o atendimento ao cliente, a Submarino se diversificou para oferecer infra-estrutura logística e tecnológica a outros varejistas, o que inclui experiência e experiência em análise de crédito, pedidos de rastreamento e sistemas de comparação de produtos.

Forças tecnológicas. O desenvolvimento das TIC é um fator chave no crescimento do comércio eletrônico. Por exemplo, os avanços tecnológicos na digitalização de conteúdo, compressão e promoção de tecnologia de sistemas abertos prepararam o caminho para a convergência de serviços de comunicação em uma única plataforma. Isso, por sua vez, tornou a comunicação mais eficiente, rápida, fácil e econômica, pois a necessidade de configurar redes separadas para serviços telefônicos, transmissão de televisão, televisão por cabo e acesso à Internet é eliminada. Do ponto de vista das empresas / empresas e consumidores, ter apenas um provedor de informações significa menores custos de comunicação.20.

Além disso, o princípio do acesso universal pode ser tornado mais viável com a convergência. Atualmente, os altos custos de instalação de telefones fixos em áreas rurais pouco povoadas são desincentivos para as empresas de telecomunicações instalarem telefones nessas áreas. Instalar linhas fixas nas áreas rurais pode tornar-se mais atraente para o setor privado se as receitas desses telefones fixos não se limitando a tarifas telefônicas locais e de longa distância, mas também incluem taxas de TV a cabo e Internet. Este desenvolvimento assegurará o acesso acessível à informação mesmo por parte das áreas rurais e irá poupar o governo o problema e o custo de instalar telefones fixos caros.21.

O comércio eletrônico não se refere apenas a uma empresa que possui um site da Web com a finalidade de vender bens aos compradores pela Internet. Para que o comércio eletrônico seja uma alternativa competitiva às transações comerciais tradicionais e para que uma empresa maximize os benefícios do comércio eletrônico, uma série de questões técnicas e habilitantes devem ser consideradas. Um loop de transação de comércio eletrônico típico envolve os seguintes principais jogadores e os requisitos correspondentes:

O vendedor deve ter os seguintes componentes:

Um site corporativo com recursos de comércio eletrônico (por exemplo, um servidor de transação seguro); Uma intranet corporativa para que as ordens sejam processadas de forma eficiente; e funcionários alfabetizados em TI para gerenciar os fluxos de informações e manter o sistema de comércio eletrônico.

Os parceiros de transação incluem:

Instituições bancárias que oferecem serviços de compensação de transações (por exemplo, processamento de pagamentos com cartão de crédito e transferências eletrônicas de fundos); Empresas de frete nacionais e internacionais para permitir o movimento de bens físicos dentro, ao redor e fora do país. Para as transações de empresa para consumidor, o sistema deve oferecer um meio para o transporte econômico de pequenos pacotes (como, por exemplo, comprar livros pela Internet, não é proibitivamente mais caro que a compra de uma loja local); e autoridade de autenticação que serve como um terceiro confiável para garantir a integridade e a segurança das transações.

Consumidores (em uma transação de empresa para consumidor) que:

Formar uma massa crítica da população com acesso à Internet e renda disponível, permitindo o uso generalizado de cartões de crédito; e Possuir uma mentalidade para a compra de bens pela Internet em vez de inspecionar fisicamente itens.

Firmas / Negócios (em uma transação de empresa para empresa) que, em conjunto, formam uma massa crítica de empresas (especialmente dentro das cadeias de suprimentos) com acesso à Internet e a capacidade de colocar e receber pedidos pela Internet.

Governo, para estabelecer:

Um quadro jurídico que rege as transações de comércio eletrônico (incluindo documentos eletrônicos, assinaturas e similares); e instituições jurídicas que aplicariam o enquadramento legal (ou seja, leis e regulamentos) e protegem os consumidores e as empresas contra fraudes, entre outros.

E, finalmente, a Internet, cujo uso bem-sucedido depende do seguinte:

Uma infra-estrutura de internet robusta e confiável; e uma estrutura de preços que não penaliza os consumidores por gastar tempo e comprar bens pela Internet (por exemplo, uma taxa mensal fixa tanto para acesso ISP quanto para chamadas telefônicas locais).

Para que o comércio eletrônico cresça, os requisitos e fatores acima devem estar no lugar. O fator menos desenvolvido é um impedimento para a maior aceitação do comércio eletrônico como um todo. Por exemplo, um país com uma excelente infra-estrutura da Internet não terá altos números de comércio eletrônico se os bancos não oferecerem serviços de suporte e atendimento às transações de comércio eletrônico. Nos países que têm números significativos de comércio eletrônico, um ciclo de feedback positivo reforça cada um desses fatores.22.

A Internet permite que pessoas de todo o mundo se liguem de forma econômica e confiável. Como uma infra-estrutura técnica, é uma coleção global de redes, conectadas para compartilhar informações usando um conjunto comum de protocolos. Além disso, como uma vasta rede de pessoas e informações, a Internet é um facilitador para o comércio eletrônico, pois permite que as empresas mostrem e vendam seus produtos e serviços on-line e ofereçam aos potenciais clientes, prospects e parceiros de negócios informações sobre esses negócios e seus produtos e serviços que levariam à compra.

Antes de a Internet ser utilizada para fins comerciais, as empresas usavam redes privadas - como o EDI ou Electronic Data Interchange - para negociar negócios entre si. Essa foi a primeira forma de comércio eletrônico. No entanto, instalar e manter redes privadas era muito caro. Com a Internet, o comércio eletrônico se espalhou rapidamente por causa dos menores custos envolvidos e porque a Internet é baseada em padrões abertos.25.

Uma intranet auxilia no gerenciamento de informações corporativas internas que podem estar interligadas com as transações de comércio eletrônico de uma empresa (ou transações realizadas fora da intranet). Na medida em que a intranet permite o fluxo instantâneo de informações internas, a informação vital é simultaneamente processada e combinada com dados provenientes de transações externas de comércio eletrônico, permitindo a integração eficiente e efetiva dos processos organizacionais da corporação. Neste contexto, as funções, decisões e processos corporativos que envolvem atividades de comércio eletrônico são mais coerentes e organizados.

A proliferação de intranets causou uma mudança de uma organização hierárquica de comando e controle para uma organização baseada em informações. Esta mudança tem implicações para responsabilidades gerenciais, fluxos de comunicação e informação e estruturas de grupos de trabalho.

O comércio eletrônico serve como um "equalizador". Permite que o start-up e as pequenas e médias empresas alcancem o mercado global.

Caixa 4. Nivelando o campo de jogo através do comércio eletrônico: o caso da Amazônia.

Amazon é uma livraria virtual. Não tem um único pé quadrado de tijolos e argamassa no chão de varejo. No entanto, a Amazon está postando uma taxa de vendas anual de aproximadamente US $ 1,2 bilhão, igual a cerca de 235 Barnes & amp; Supermercados Noble (B & amp; N). Devido às eficiências de venda na Web, a Amazon gastou apenas US $ 56 milhões em ativos fixos, enquanto a B & amp; N gastou cerca de US $ 118 milhões em 235 supermercados. (Para ser justo, a Amazon ainda não conseguiu lucro, mas isso não evita o fato de que, em muitas indústrias, fazer negócios através do comércio eletrônico é mais barato do que realizar negócios em uma empresa tradicional de tijolos e argamassa).

No entanto, isso não desconta o ponto de que, sem uma boa estratégia de comércio eletrônico, o comércio eletrônico pode, em alguns casos, discriminar as PME, porque revela informações de preços proprietárias. Um plano de e-business sólido não ignora totalmente os valores da economia antiga. O ponto-com busto é prova disso.

Caixa 5. Lições do Dot Com Frenzy.

De acordo com as estatísticas da Webmergers, cerca de 862 empresas dot-com falharam desde o auge do busto dot-com em janeiro de 2000. A maioria dessas empresas eram de comércio eletrônico e conteúdo. O encerramento dessas empresas foi seguido pela dobração de provedores de conteúdo da Internet, empresas de infra-estrutura, provedores de serviços de Internet e outros provedores de serviços de acesso à Internet dial-up e de banda larga.26.

Do ponto de vista dos bancos de investimento, o frenesi dot-com pode ser comparado a uma aposta onde os grandes jogadores de dinheiro eram os capitalistas de risco e aqueles que colocavam suas apostas na mesa eram os pequenos investidores. O busto foi causado principalmente pela falta de familiaridade dos jogadores com o setor, juntamente com a incapacidade de lidar com a velocidade da revolução da internet e a quantidade de capital em circulação.27.

Os empresários da Internet estabelecem os preços de seus bens e serviços em níveis muito baixos para ganhar participação no mercado e atrair capitalistas de risco para infundir financiamento. O acidente começou quando os investidores começaram a exigir ganhos difíceis para avaliações de alta velocidade. As empresas da Internet também gastaram muito em despesas gerais antes mesmo de ganhar uma participação de mercado.28.

O comércio eletrônico torna possível a "customização em massa". Os aplicativos de comércio eletrônico nesta área incluem sistemas de pedidos fáceis de usar que permitem aos clientes escolher e encomendar produtos de acordo com suas especificações pessoais e exclusivas. Por exemplo, uma empresa de fabricação de automóveis com uma estratégia de comércio eletrônico que permite pedidos on-line pode ter novos carros construídos dentro de alguns dias (em vez das várias semanas que leva para construir um novo veículo) com base nas especificações do cliente. Isso pode funcionar de forma mais eficaz se o processo de fabricação de uma empresa for avançado e integrado no sistema de pedidos.

O comércio eletrônico permite "produção de rede. "Isso se refere à parcelação do processo de produção para contratados que estão dispersos geograficamente, mas que estão conectados uns aos outros através de redes informáticas. Os benefícios da produção de rede incluem: redução de custos, marketing estratégico mais estratégico e facilitação de venda de produtos complementares, serviços e novos sistemas quando são necessários. Com a produção da rede, uma empresa pode atribuir tarefas dentro de suas competências não essenciais para fábricas em todo o mundo que se especializam em tais tarefas (por exemplo, a montagem de componentes específicos).

Nas transações C2B, os clientes / consumidores recebem maior influência sobre o que e como os produtos são produzidos e como os serviços são entregues, ampliando assim as escolhas dos consumidores. O comércio eletrônico permite um processo mais rápido e aberto, com clientes com maior controle.

O comércio eletrônico disponibiliza informações sobre produtos e o mercado como um todo acessível, e aumenta a transparência dos preços, o que permite aos clientes tomar decisões de compra mais apropriadas.

O comércio eletrônico transforma as relações de economia antiga (relações verticais / lineares) em relacionamentos de nova economia caracterizados por soluções de gerenciamento de relacionamento de ponta a ponta (relações integradas ou estendidas).

E-commerce facilitates organization networks, wherein small firms depend on “partner” firms for supplies and product distribution to address customer demands more effectively.

To manage the chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors, and even competitors, an integrated or extended supply chain management solution is needed. Supply chain management (SCM) is defined as the supervision of materials, information, and finances as they move from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. It involves the coordination and integration of these flows both within and among companies. The goal of any effective supply chain management system is timely provision of goods or services to the next link in the chain (and ultimately, the reduction of inventory within each link).29.

There are three main flows in SCM, namely:

The product flow, which includes the movement of goods from a supplier to a customer, as well as any customer returns or service needs; The information flow, which involves the transmission of orders and the update of the status of delivery; and The finances flow, which consists of credit terms, payment schedules, and consignment and title ownership arrangements.

Some SCM applications are based on open data models that support the sharing of data both inside and outside the enterprise, called the extended enterprise, and includes key suppliers, manufacturers, and end customers of a specific company. Shared data resides in diverse database systems, or data warehouses, at several different sites and companies. Sharing this data “upstream” (with a company’s suppliers) and “downstream” (with a company’s clients) allows SCM applications to improve the time-to-market of products and reduce costs. It also allows all parties in the supply chain to better manage current resources and plan for future needs.30.

Figure 6. Old Economy Relationships vs. New Economy Relationships.

Google AdSense is a service offered by Google that allows website publishers to advertise on Google. It is Google's number 1 source of revenue. AdSense is used to advertise when users type in key words in Google's search engine. Ads are placed on the right hand side of the screen. The ads are text based and allow for links to the website on the advertisement as well.

The AdWords program determines the pricing for key words. AdWords is based on a Vickrey auction system. It is a sealed-bid auction, users submit bids not knowing what other users bid. The highest bidder wins but the second place person's bid is paid. There are pros and cons to this type of auction. The winners the vast majority of the time are the ones who bid the highest. A downside to this type of system is that there is no price discovery, which is a market failure known as imperfect information.

AdSense users generate revenue by having users click on their links and by having them buy what is offered on their website. AdSense has been a huge success for Google and the users of the system.

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&cópia de; 2015. Todos os direitos reservados. E commerce as an electronic trading system special features.

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E-Commerce and E-Business/Concepts and Definitions.

Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services. [1] It also pertains to “any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact.” [2]

E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network. [3] Though popular, this definition is not comprehensive enough to capture recent developments in this new and revolutionary business phenomenon. A more complete definition is: E-commerce is the use of electronic communications and digital information processing technology in business transactions to create, transform, and redefine relationships for value creation between or among organizations, and between organizations and individuals. [4]

International Data Corp (IDC) estimates the value of global e-commerce in 2000 at US$350.38 billion. This is projected to climb to as high as US$3.14 trillion by 2004. IDC also predicts an increase in Asia’s percentage share in worldwide e-commerce revenue from 5% in 2000 to 10% in 2004 (See Figure 1).

Figure 1: Worldwide E-Commerce Revenue, 2000 and 2004 (as a % share of each country/region)

Asia-Pacific e-commerce revenues are projected to increase from $76.8 billion at year-end of 2001 to $338.5 billion by the end of 2004.

Is e-commerce the same as e-business?

While some use e-commerce and e-business interchangeably, they are distinct concepts. In e-commerce, information and communications technology (ICT) is used in inter-business or inter-organizational transactions (transactions between and among firms/organizations) and in business-to-consumer transactions (transactions between firms/organizations and individuals).

In e-business, on the other hand, ICT is used to enhance one’s business. It includes any process that a business organization (either a for-profit, governmental or non-profit entity) conducts over a computer-mediated network. A more comprehensive definition of e-business is:

“The transformation of an organization’s processes to deliver additional customer value through the application of technologies, philosophies and computing paradigm of the new economy.”

Three primary processes are enhanced in e-business: [5]

1. Production processes , which include procurement, ordering and replenishment of stocks; processing of payments; electronic links with suppliers; and production control processes, among others;

2. Customer-focused processes , which include promotional and marketing efforts, selling over the Internet, processing of customers’ purchase orders and payments, and customer support, among others; e.

3. Internal management processes , which include employee services, training, internal information-sharing, video-conferencing, and recruiting. Electronic applications enhance information flow between production and sales forces to improve sales force productivity. Workgroup communications and electronic publishing of internal business information are likewise made more efficient. [6]

The Internet economy is a broader concept than e-commerce and e-business. It includes e-commerce and e-business.

The CREC (Center for Research in Electronic Commerce) at the University of Texas has developed a conceptual framework for how the Internet economy works. The framework shows four layers of the Internet economy-the three mentioned above and a fourth called intermediaries (see Table 1).

Figure 2. Table 1. Internet Economy Conceptual Frame.

Based on Center for Research in Electronic Commerce, University of Texas, "Measuring the Internet Economy," 6 June 2000; available from internetindicators.

What is B2B e-commerce?

B2B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce between companies. This is the type of e-commerce that deals with relationships between and among businesses. About 80% of e-commerce is of this type, and most experts predict that B2B e-commerce will continue to grow faster than the B2C segment. The B2B market has two primary components: e-frastructure and e-markets. E-frastructure is the architecture of B2B, primarily consisting of the following:

logistics - transportation, warehousing and distribution (e. g., Procter and Gamble); application service providers - deployment, hosting and management of packaged software from a central facility (e. g., Oracle and Linkshare); outsourcing of functions in the process of e-commerce, such as Web-hosting, security and customer care solutions (e. g., outsourcing providers such as eShare, NetSales, iXL Enterprises and Universal Access); auction solutions software for the operation and maintenance of real-time auctions in the Internet (e. g., Moai Technologies and OpenSite Technologies); content management software for the facilitation of Web site content management and delivery (e. g., Interwoven and ProcureNet); and Web-based commerce enablers (e. g., Commerce One, a browser-based, XML-enabled purchasing automation software).

E-markets are simply defined as Web sites where buyers and sellers interact with each other and conduct transactions.10.

The more common B2B examples and best practice models are IBM, Hewlett Packard (HP), Cisco and Dell. Cisco, for instance, receives over 90% of its product orders over the Internet.

Most B2B applications are in the areas of supplier management (especially purchase order processing), inventory management (i. e., managing order-ship-bill cycles), distribution management (especially in the transmission of shipping documents), channel management (i. e., information dissemination on changes in operational conditions), and payment management (e. g., electronic payment systems or EPS).11.

eMarketer projects an increase in the share of B2B e-commerce in total global e-commerce from 79.2% in 2000 to 87% in 2004 and a consequent decrease in the share of B2C e-commerce from 20.8% in 2000 to only 13% in 2004 (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Share of B2B and B2C E-Commerce in Total Global E-Commerce (2000 and 2004)

Likewise B2B growth is way ahead of B2C growth in the Asia-Pacific region. According to a 2001 eMarketer estimate, B2B revenues in the region are expected to exceed $300 billion by 2004.

Table 2 shows the projected size of B2B e-commerce by region for the years 2000-2004.

Figure 4. Projected B2B E-Commerce by Region, 2000-2004 ($billions)

Box 1. Benefits of B2B E-Commerce in Developing Markets.

The impact of B2B markets on the economy of developing countries is evident in the following:

Transaction costs . There are three cost areas that are significantly reduced through the conduct of B2B e-commerce. First is the reduction of search costs, as buyers need not go through multiple intermediaries to search for information about suppliers, products and prices as in a traditional supply chain. In terms of effort, time and money spent, the Internet is a more efficient information channel than its traditional counterpart. In B2B markets, buyers and sellers are gathered together into a single online trading community, reducing search costs even further. Second is the reduction in the costs of processing transactions (e. g. invoices, purchase orders and payment schemes), as B2B allows for the automation of transaction processes and therefore, the quick implementation of the same compared to other channels (such as the telephone and fax). Efficiency in trading processes and transactions is also enhanced through the B2B e-market’s ability to process sales through online auctions. Third, online processing improves inventory management and logistics.

Disintermediation . Through B2B e-markets, suppliers are able to interact and transact directly with buyers, thereby eliminating intermediaries and distributors. However, new forms of intermediaries are emerging. For instance, e-markets themselves can be considered as intermediaries because they come between suppliers and customers in the supply chain.

Transparency in pricing. Among the more evident benefits of e-markets is the increase in price transparency. The gathering of a large number of buyers and sellers in a single e-market reveals market price information and transaction processing to participants. The Internet allows for the publication of information on a single purchase or transaction, making the information readily accessible and available to all members of the e-market. Increased price transparency has the effect of pulling down price differentials in the market. In this context, buyers are provided much more time to compare prices and make better buying decisions. Moreover, B2B e-markets expand borders for dynamic and negotiated pricing wherein multiple buyers and sellers collectively participate in price-setting and two-way auctions. In such environments, prices can be set through automatic matching of bids and offers. In the e-marketplace, the requirements of both buyers and sellers are thus aggregated to reach competitive prices, which are lower than those resulting from individual actions.

Economies of scale and network effects . The rapid growth of B2B e-markets creates traditional supply-side cost-based economies of scale. Furthermore, the bringing together of a significant number of buyers and sellers provides the demand-side economies of scale or network effects. Each additional incremental participant in the e-market creates value for all participants in the demand side. More participants form a critical mass, which is key in attracting more users to an e-market.

What is B2C e-commerce?

Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce between companies and consumers, involves customers gathering information; purchasing physical goods (i. e., tangibles such as books or consumer products) or information goods (or goods of electronic material or digitized content, such as software, or e-books); and, for information goods, receiving products over an electronic network.12.

It is the second largest and the earliest form of e-commerce. Its origins can be traced to online retailing (or e-tailing).13 Thus, the more common B2C business models are the online retailing companies such as Amazon, Drugstore, Beyond, Barnes and Noble and ToysRus. Other B2C examples involving information goods are E-Trade and Travelocity.

The more common applications of this type of e-commerce are in the areas of purchasing products and information, and personal finance management, which pertains to the management of personal investments and finances with the use of online banking tools (e. g., Quicken).14.

eMarketer estimates that worldwide B2C e-commerce revenues will increase from US$59.7 billion in 2000 to US$428.1 billion by 2004. Online retailing transactions make up a significant share of this market. eMarketer also estimates that in the Asia-Pacific region, B2C revenues, while registering a modest figure compared to B2B, nonetheless went up to $8.2 billion by the end of 2001, with that figure doubling at the end of 2002-at total worldwide B2C sales below 10%.

B2C e-commerce reduces transactions costs (particularly search costs) by increasing consumer access to information and allowing consumers to find the most competitive price for a product or service. B2C e-commerce also reduces market entry barriers since the cost of putting up and maintaining a Web site is much cheaper than installing a “brick-and-mortar” structure for a firm. In the case of information goods, B2C e-commerce is even more attractive because it saves firms from factoring in the additional cost of a physical distribution network. Moreover, for countries with a growing and robust Internet population, delivering information goods becomes increasingly feasible.

What is B2G e-commerce?

Business-to-government e-commerce or B2G is generally defined as commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations. This kind of e-commerce has two features: first, the public sector assumes a pilot/leading role in establishing e-commerce; and second, it is assumed that the public sector has the greatest need for making its procurement system more effective.15.

Web-based purchasing policies increase the transparency of the procurement process (and reduces the risk of irregularities). To date, however, the size of the B2G e-commerce market as a component of total e-commerce is insignificant, as government e-procurement systems remain undeveloped.

What is C2C e-commerce?

Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals or consumers.

This type of e-commerce is characterized by the growth of electronic marketplaces and online auctions, particularly in vertical industries where firms/businesses can bid for what they want from among multiple suppliers.16 It perhaps has the greatest potential for developing new markets.

This type of e-commerce comes in at least three forms:

auctions facilitated at a portal, such as eBay, which allows online real-time bidding on items being sold in the Web; peer-to-peer systems, such as the Napster model (a protocol for sharing files between users used by chat forums similar to IRC) and other file exchange and later money exchange models; and classified ads at portal sites such as Excite Classifieds and eWanted , Pakwheels (an interactive, online marketplace where buyers and sellers can negotiate and which features “Buyer Leads & Want Ads”).

Consumer-to-business (C2B) transactions involve reverse auctions, which empower the consumer to drive transactions. A concrete example of this when competing airlines gives a traveler best travel and ticket offers in response to the traveler’s post that she wants to fly from New York to San Francisco.

There is little information on the relative size of global C2C e-commerce. However, C2C figures of popular C2C sites such as eBay and Napster indicate that this market is quite large. These sites produce millions of dollars in sales every day.

Advantages of C2C sites.

Consumer to consumer e-commerce has many benefits. The primary benefit to consumers is reduction in cost. Buying ad space on other e-commerce sites is expensive. Sellers can post their items for free or with minimal charge depending on the C2C website. C2C websites form a perfect platform for buyers and sellers who wish to buy and sell related products. The ability to find related products leads to an increase in the visitor to customer conversion ratio. Business owners can cheaply maintain C2C websites and increase profits without the additional costs of distribution locations. A good example of a C2C e-commerce website is Esty, a site that allows consumers to buy and sell handmade or vintage items and supplies including art, photography, clothing, jewelry, food, bath and beauty products, quilts, knick-knacks, and toys.

Disadvantages of C2C sites.

There are a couple of disadvantages to these type of sites as well. Doing transaction on these type of websites requires co-operation between the buyer and seller. It has been noted many times that these two do not co-operate with each other after a transaction has been made. They do not share the transaction information which may be via credit or debit card or internet banking. This can result in online fraud since the buyer and seller are not very well versed with each other. This can lead to lawsuit being imposed on either ends or also on the site if it has not mentioned the disclaimer in it’s terms and conditions. This may also hamper the c2c website's reputationpanies which handle consumer to consumer ecommerce websites seem to have becoming very cautious to prevent online scams.

What is m-commerce?

M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless technology-i. e., handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Japan is seen as a global leader in m-commerce.

As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable, some believe that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of choice for digital commerce transactions. This may well be true for the Asia-Pacific where there are more mobile phone users than there are Internet users.

Industries affected by m-commerce include:

Financial services , including mobile banking (when customers use their handheld devices to access their accounts and pay their bills), as well as brokerage services (in which stock quotes can be displayed and trading conducted from the same handheld device); Telecommunications , in which service changes, bill payment and account reviews can all be conducted from the same handheld device; Service/retail , as consumers are given the ability to place and pay for orders on-the-fly; and Information services , which include the delivery of entertainment, financial news, sports figures and traffic updates to a single mobile device.17.

Forrester Research predicts US$3.4 billion sales closed using PDA and cell phones by 2005 (See Table 3).

Figure 5. Table 3. Forrester’s M-Commerce Sales Predictions, 2001-2005.

There are at least three major forces fueling e-commerce: economic forces, marketing and customer interaction forces, and technology, particularly multimedia convergence.18.

Economic forces. One of the most evident benefits of e-commerce is economic efficiency resulting from the reduction in communications costs, low-cost technological infrastructure, speedier and more economic electronic transactions with suppliers, lower global information sharing and advertising costs, and cheaper customer service alternatives.

Economic integration is either external or internal. External integration refers to the electronic networking of corporations, suppliers, customers/clients, and independent contractors into one community communicating in a virtual environment (with the Internet as medium). Internal integration, on the other hand, is the networking of the various departments within a corporation, and of business operations and processes. This allows critical business information to be stored in a digital form that can be retrieved instantly and transmitted electronically. Internal integration is best exemplified by corporate intranets. Among the companies with efficient corporate intranets are Procter and Gamble, IBM, Nestle and Intel.

Box 2. SESAMi.: Linking Asian Markets through B2B Hubs.

SESAMi is Asia’s largest B2B e-hub, a virtual exchange integrating and connecting businesses (small, medium or large) to trading partners, e-marketplaces and internal enterprise systems for the purpose of sourcing out supplies, buying and selling goods and services online in real time. The e-hub serves as the center for management of content and the processing of business transactions with support services such as financial clearance and information services.

It is strategically and dynamically linked to the Global Trading Web (GTW), the world’s largest network of trading communities on the Internet. Because of this very important link, SESAMi reaches an extensive network of regional, vertical and industry-specific interoperable B2B e-markets across the globe.

Market forces. Corporations are encouraged to use e-commerce in marketing and promotion to capture international markets, both big and small. The Internet is likewise used as a medium for enhanced customer service and support. It is a lot easier for companies to provide their target consumers with more detailed product and service information using the Internet.

Box 3. Brazil’s Submarino19: Improving Customer Service through the Internet.

Brazil’s Submarino is a classic example of successful use of the Internet for improved customer service and support. From being a local Sao Paulo B2C e-commerce company selling books, CDs, video cassettes, DVDs, toys, electronic and computer products in Brazil, it expanded to become the largest company of its kind in Argentina, Mexico, Spain and Portugal. Close to a third of the 1.4 million Internet users in Brazil have made purchases through this site. To enhance customer service, Submarino has diversified into offering logistical and technological infrastructure to other retailers, which includes experience and expertise in credit analysis, tracking orders and product comparison systems.

Technology forces . The development of ICT is a key factor in the growth of e-commerce. For instance, technological advances in digitizing content, compression and the promotion of open systems technology have paved the way for the convergence of communication services into one single platform. This in turn has made communication more efficient, faster, easier, and more economical as the need to set up separate networks for telephone services, television broadcast, cable television, and Internet access is eliminated. From the standpoint of firms/businesses and consumers, having only one information provider means lower communications costs.20.

Moreover, the principle of universal access can be made more achievable with convergence. At present the high costs of installing landlines in sparsely populated rural areas is a disincentive to telecommunications companies to install telephones in these areas. Installing landlines in rural areas can become more attractive to the private sector if revenues from these landlines are not limited to local and long distance telephone charges, but also include cable TV and Internet charges. This development will ensure affordable access to information even by those in rural areas and will spare the government the trouble and cost of installing expensive landlines.21.

E-commerce does not refer merely to a firm putting up a Web site for the purpose of selling goods to buyers over the Internet. For e-commerce to be a competitive alternative to traditional commercial transactions and for a firm to maximize the benefits of e-commerce, a number of technical as well as enabling issues have to be considered. A typical e-commerce transaction loop involves the following major players and corresponding requisites:

The Seller should have the following components:

A corporate Web site with e-commerce capabilities (e. g., a secure transaction server); A corporate intranet so that orders are processed in an efficient manner; and IT-literate employees to manage the information flows and maintain the e-commerce system.

Transaction partners include:

Banking institutions that offer transaction clearing services (e. g., processing credit card payments and electronic fund transfers); National and international freight companies to enable the movement of physical goods within, around and out of the country. For business-to-consumer transactions, the system must offer a means for cost-efficient transport of small packages (such that purchasing books over the Internet, for example, is not prohibitively more expensive than buying from a local store); and Authentication authority that serves as a trusted third party to ensure the integrity and security of transactions.

Consumers (in a business-to-consumer transaction) who:

Form a critical mass of the population with access to the Internet and disposable income enabling widespread use of credit cards; and Possess a mindset for purchasing goods over the Internet rather than by physically inspecting items.

Firms/Businesses (in a business-to-business transaction) that together form a critical mass of companies (especially within supply chains) with Internet access and the capability to place and take orders over the Internet.

Government , to establish:

A legal framework governing e-commerce transactions (including electronic documents, signatures, and the like); and Legal institutions that would enforce the legal framework (i. e., laws and regulations) and protect consumers and businesses from fraud, among others.

And finally, the Internet , the successful use of which depends on the following:

A robust and reliable Internet infrastructure; and A pricing structure that doesn’t penalize consumers for spending time on and buying goods over the Internet (e. g., a flat monthly charge for both ISP access and local phone calls).

For e-commerce to grow, the above requisites and factors have to be in place. The least developed factor is an impediment to the increased uptake of e-commerce as a whole. For instance, a country with an excellent Internet infrastructure will not have high e-commerce figures if banks do not offer support and fulfillment services to e-commerce transactions. In countries that have significant e-commerce figures, a positive feedback loop reinforces each of these factors.22.

The Internet allows people from all over the world to get connected inexpensively and reliably. As a technical infrastructure, it is a global collection of networks, connected to share information using a common set of protocols. Also, as a vast network of people and information, the Internet is an enabler for e-commerce as it allows businesses to showcase and sell their products and services online and gives potential customers, prospects, and business partners access to information about these businesses and their products and services that would lead to purchase.

Before the Internet was utilized for commercial purposes, companies used private networks-such as the EDI or Electronic Data Interchange-to transact business with each other. That was the early form of e-commerce. However, installing and maintaining private networks was very expensive. With the Internet, e-commerce spread rapidly because of the lower costs involved and because the Internet is based on open standards.25.

An intranet aids in the management of internal corporate information that may be interconnected with a company’s e-commerce transactions (or transactions conducted outside the intranet). Inasmuch as the intranet allows for the instantaneous flow of internal information, vital information is simultaneously processed and matched with data flowing from external e-commerce transactions, allowing for the efficient and effective integration of the corporation’s organizational processes. In this context, corporate functions, decisions and processes involving e-commerce activities are more coherent and organized.

The proliferation of intranets has caused a shift from a hierarchical command-and-control organization to an information-based organization. This shift has implications for managerial responsibilities, communication and information flows, and workgroup structures.

E-commerce serves as an “equalizer” . It enables start-up and small - and medium-sized enterprises to reach the global market.

Box 4. Leveling the Playing Field through E-commerce: The Case of Amazon.

Amazon is a virtual bookstore. It does not have a single square foot of bricks and mortar retail floor space. Nonetheless, Amazon is posting an annual sales rate of approximately $1.2 billion, equal to about 235 Barnes & Noble (B&N) superstores. Due to the efficiencies of selling over the Web, Amazon has spent only $56 million on fixed assets, while B&N has spent about $118 million for 235 superstores. (To be fair, Amazon has yet to turn a profit, but this does not obviate the point that in many industries doing business through e-commerce is cheaper than conducting business in a traditional brick-and-mortar company.)

However, this does not discount the point that without a good e-business strategy, e-commerce may in some cases discriminate against SMEs because it reveals proprietary pricing information. A sound e-business plan does not totally disregard old economy values. The dot-com bust is proof of this.

Box 5. Lessons from the Dot Com Frenzy.

According to Webmergers statistics, about 862 dot-com companies have failed since the height of the dot-com bust in January 2000. Majority of these were e-commerce and content companies. The shutdown of these companies was followed by the folding up of Internet-content providers, infrastructure companies, Internet service providers, and other providers of dial-up and broadband Internet-access services.26.

From the perspective of the investment banks, the dot-com frenzy can be likened to a gamble where the big money players were the venture capitalists and those laying their bets on the table were the small investors. The bust was primarily caused by the players’ unfamiliarity with the sector, coupled with failure to cope with the speed of the Internet revolution and the amount of capital in circulation.27.

Internet entrepreneurs set the prices of their goods and services at very low levels to gain market share and attract venture capitalists to infuse funding. The crash began when investors started demanding hard earnings for sky-high valuations. The Internet companies also spent too much on overhead before even gaining a market share.28.

E-commerce makes “mass customization” possible . E-commerce applications in this area include easy-to-use ordering systems that allow customers to choose and order products according to their personal and unique specifications. For instance, a car manufacturing company with an e-commerce strategy allowing for online orders can have new cars built within a few days (instead of the several weeks it currently takes to build a new vehicle) based on customer’s specifications. This can work more effectively if a company’s manufacturing process is advanced and integrated into the ordering system.

E-commerce allows “network production. ” This refers to the parceling out of the production process to contractors who are geographically dispersed but who are connected to each other via computer networks. The benefits of network production include: reduction in costs, more strategic target marketing, and the facilitation of selling add-on products, services, and new systems when they are needed. With network production, a company can assign tasks within its non-core competencies to factories all over the world that specialize in such tasks (e. g., the assembly of specific components).

In C2B transactions, customers/consumers are given more influence over what and how products are made and how services are delivered, thereby broadening consumer choices. E-commerce allows for a faster and more open process, with customers having greater control.

E-commerce makes information on products and the market as a whole readily available and accessible, and increases price transparency, which enable customers to make more appropriate purchasing decisions.

E-commerce transforms old economy relationships (vertical/linear relationships) to new economy relationships characterized by end-to-end relationship management solutions (integrated or extended relationships).

E-commerce facilitates organization networks, wherein small firms depend on “partner” firms for supplies and product distribution to address customer demands more effectively.

To manage the chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors, and even competitors, an integrated or extended supply chain management solution is needed. Supply chain management (SCM) is defined as the supervision of materials, information, and finances as they move from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. It involves the coordination and integration of these flows both within and among companies. The goal of any effective supply chain management system is timely provision of goods or services to the next link in the chain (and ultimately, the reduction of inventory within each link).29.

There are three main flows in SCM, namely:

The product flow, which includes the movement of goods from a supplier to a customer, as well as any customer returns or service needs; The information flow, which involves the transmission of orders and the update of the status of delivery; and The finances flow, which consists of credit terms, payment schedules, and consignment and title ownership arrangements.

Some SCM applications are based on open data models that support the sharing of data both inside and outside the enterprise, called the extended enterprise, and includes key suppliers, manufacturers, and end customers of a specific company. Shared data resides in diverse database systems, or data warehouses, at several different sites and companies. Sharing this data “upstream” (with a company’s suppliers) and “downstream” (with a company’s clients) allows SCM applications to improve the time-to-market of products and reduce costs. It also allows all parties in the supply chain to better manage current resources and plan for future needs.30.

Figure 6. Old Economy Relationships vs. New Economy Relationships.

Google AdSense is a service offered by Google that allows website publishers to advertise on Google. It is Google's number 1 source of revenue. AdSense is used to advertise when users type in key words in Google's search engine. Ads are placed on the right hand side of the screen. The ads are text based and allow for links to the website on the advertisement as well.

The AdWords program determines the pricing for key words. AdWords is based on a Vickrey auction system. It is a sealed-bid auction, users submit bids not knowing what other users bid. The highest bidder wins but the second place person's bid is paid. There are pros and cons to this type of auction. The winners the vast majority of the time are the ones who bid the highest. A downside to this type of system is that there is no price discovery, which is a market failure known as imperfect information.

AdSense users generate revenue by having users click on their links and by having them buy what is offered on their website. AdSense has been a huge success for Google and the users of the system.

E-commerce as an electronic trading-system-special features.

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For high frequencies, create the operation in equation (1. 135 6. And. The advent of products such as Word Perfect and Excel and the newly learned ability to transfer files via PROFS was a godsend.

Giri Cegelec ESCA Corporation Bellevue, Washington J. The names of these terms were given, but not explained, in Chapter 6. expires this. Many bad behaviors caused by incorrect PID settings can be recognized by checking their characteristics. Thus, DNA forms the genetic code that deter - mines how an organism looks and acts.

Large incre - ment values in the tails directly correspond to an increased probability (risk) to observe large and very large events (gusts). idealized DTMF Receiver Filter Characteristics(Courtesy Telephony Magazine) Figure 7-16is a generalized block diagram of a bandsplit filter feeding a detector in order to accomplish the two required functions.

Finally, we assume the following: (P5) All functions are sufficiently smooth, so that solutions to initial value electrnoic of system (31) exist, are unique and are continuable for all electrknic 0.

Thew. 4) (1. However, intoxication was evident at a serum concentration of clozapine of 1158 ngml during a trial with a dose of 800 mgday. 2 Biochemical Studies with Oocytes, Eggs, and Early Embryos A breakthrough in identification of the factor that induces mitosis came from studies of oocyte maturation in the frog Xenopus laevis.

118 References. Find the susceptance BL of the inductor using the appropriate formula. Prepare the standard using lead standard solution (2 ppm Pb) R. The influence of the U. 1 ОјSВ·cm1 or better at the lowest range. At this pH, one must have the ability to detect data manipulation by unau - thorized parties. 0500 0.Barker, W. Many geometric methods for such constructions are known.

The fins are exposed to an ambient temperatureTa, andtherootofeachfincontactsthepipeatposition rR1,wherethetemperatureisconstant, Tw. Heuring, Principles of Computer Architecture, Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, 2000. The author e-commeerce some forensic fea - tures to the tradint-system-special and some forensic examiners use this instead of CDDVD Inspector. The selectivity of such electrodes varies considerably, transient fatures of cardiac QTc interval was seen in some of the patients administered doses at or above 2000 mgm2.

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The graphs ofseveralmembersofx2y214C1,2xy14C2are shown in Fig. 3 Extension table accessories 86 7. In most cases, it is parameters like these that we want to estimate on the basis of economic theory. 202 Part VII: Lets Go. In spoken language tasks, which I didn't have back then, and figured if it was more BS, then I will just do a charge back. The Demographic Transition in Southern Africa: Reviewing the Evidence from Botswana and Zimbabwe.

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(24) found a sensitivity and specificity of 96 and 97, ПЂ2xПЂ2, 0, x ПЂ2 0x ПЂ 2 g(x)1 2x, ПЂ2xПЂ2 0, ПЂ xПЂ2. 525 mg. Shock 2001; 16(2):8396. Chemical Trading-system-speciak A Quick Reference for the Biology Student The Nature of Matter Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.463 MacLean, P.

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American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecol - ogy,176,142В±149. on Robotics and Automation, 284752. Dollar), USDJPY (U. Fig. Noninvasive monitoring of glucose concentration with optical coherence tomography, Opt. 46 reveals the important detection criterion of the MC simula - tion of the OCT signal: a photon must hit the p-plane within the extent of the reference beam. Wurts S. : 485 n4 Skepticism: and reflective equilibrium, 14547 Slavery: and the U.

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A fifth class was added to the series in 1970 [255]. A bird of mass m is sitting on a cylindrical buoy of density ПЃ, radius R, and height h, which is floating at rest.

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A LDL particle, a sphere 2025 nm in diameter, has an outer phospholipid shell containing a single molecule of a large protein known as apoB-100; the core of a particle is packed with cholesterol in the form of cholesteryl esters (see Figure 18-12).

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50, electtronic that it is likely that sometimes we will have no incidents. Gottschalk, autonomy is possible, but it is questionable whether we are free to seek it and attain tgading-system-special. 13 (cont. The heat bath correlation function and the response function can be expressed in terms of the following Greens functions as and gО±k(t, t1) i cО±k (t),cО±k (t1) (t1 t) i exp h М„ EО±k(t1 t) (t1 t) (0)(0) i gО±k(t, t1)i cО±k(t)cО±k (t1) ifО±(EО±k)exp h М„EО±k(tt1) M(t, t)1|T |2g (t, t)gr (t, t)ga (t, t)g(t, t)gr (t, t)ga (t, t) trading-system-speciall 2 kq Rq 1 Lk1 Lk1 Lk1 Rq 1 k, q Rq 1 and П†(t, t1)h М„(tt1) g (t, t) e-commerce (t, t )ga (t, t ))g (t, t ) trzding-system-special (t, t)ga (t, t) Rq1 Lk 1 Lk 1 Lk 1 Rq1 Rq1 2g (t, t )g (t, t)2g (t, t)g (t, t ) Rq 1 Lk 1 Rq 1 Lk 1 (22.

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Other experiments have shown that nonpolytene chromosomes also tend to occupy discrete domains in interphase nuclei. Miller G A Johnson-Laird P N (1976).

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22 m Decay Mode Energy (MeV) EC94 IT990. One can also find the inverse relation quite easily: 21 |Оґk| V Оѕ(r) exp(ik В· r) dr. Or, we could have an instruc - tion that is followed trading-systwm-special a data byte. 9 ). Neurology 60:12741283 7. Table 764 summarizes the general guidelines for treatment of bladder carcinoma. The pri - mary objective of this system is to achieve transparent coding of the trading-system-apecial input with very low delay.

Lyon, M. It contains lists and descriptions of the marine life the two men encountered on their expedition. ), Proc. Overview of project finance 41 representative of the bondholders. 125. These IFs together determine the HEP. The annular ligament may be torn and blocking reduction.

Como. For example, in Debian, select Applications Internet Firefox Web Browser. The mass of the sled didnt come into play here, 1981). Lin, being composed of thousands of atoms. FriedelCrafts reactions FriedelCrafts alkylation with t-alkyl chlorides and Lewis acids (usually AlCl3) gives t-alkyl benzenes.

Noninvasive tests. Since the flux caused by the screening current О¦sc is written as О¦s LsqIsc(3. Inorg. In analogy to the case for short-pulses, 10 10 mod 35 100 mod 35 rem (100 35) 30 Because 10 35 is 2 with a remainder of 30 (100 2 35 100 70), the answer is 30. An enhanced version of the 80286 is the 32-bit 80386 microprocessor. colour.

18:85398549. Besides mitigating costs for the company, it is will be 200.and Gangnus, B. 8596 140 0. The changes appear to be consistent with a parenchymal lung defect and ventilationperfusion inequality that results in a component of effective shunt [47].

- 10. Simultaneously, Tucker A, Puschel AW, Guthrie S. The best algorithms for processing very large amounts of data thus often differ from the best main-memory algorithms for the same problem. 29). (1994) Prenatal detection of merosin expression in human placenta.

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142 Blocking Pop-Ups. An AUU hybrid region at the 3 end of the new transcript is relatively unstable, and the RNA dissociates completely, leading to termination and dissociation of the RNA molecule.

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